Nuclear Power

Technology

Figure 1. Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
The Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

Source: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Nuclear power is generated by fissioning or splitting atoms within a reactors' coil to boil water and turn steam turbines which produce electricity (Figure 1). Nuclear energy was first harnessed for power in 1951 and as of this publication, there are 103 commercial nuclear power plants producing electricity in the United States at 64 sites in 31 states. There are also 130 new reactors under construction or consideration around the world.[1]

There are four nuclear reactors at two sites in Texas: Comanche Peak 1 & 2 in Glen Rose and South Texas 1 & 2 in Bay City (Figures 2 and 3).

Figure 2. Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant	Figure 3. South Texas Nuclear Power Plant
Both of these sites operate pressurized light-water reactors (PWRs).

In addition to these commercial reactors, there are 36 licensed research and test reactor sites located around the U.S.. Two research reactors are located in College Station at Texas A&M and another at Pickle Research Campus at the University of Texas at Austin where they began teaching nuclear reactor operation and maintenance in 1957.

Several new reactor designs have been approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC): System 80+ by Westinghouse BNFL; ABWR by General Electric, Toshiba, Hitachi, and AP600 also by Westinghouse BNFL. Each of these new reactor designs employ significant design improvements and innovations that increase safety, reduce waste materials, improve containment systems or reduce construction and operational costs among other benefits. For example, the AP600 is a "passive" nuclear power reactor that "relies on natural forces like convection and gravity flow of emergency cooling water, reducing or minimizing reliance on pumps, valves, emergency diesel generators and other components."[2]

While nuclear reactors do not produce any greenhouse gases, they do produce highly radioactive spent fuel rods and other radioactive waste which must be stored and isolated from ecosystems and human contact for long periods of time.[3] The majority of this waste is currently stored at each reactor site-more than 1,500 metric tons[4] at Comanche Peak and South Texas Project in water-filled vaults. There appears to be a general consensus that these materials will eventually be transported to the radioactive waste depository at Yucca Mountain located 100 miles north of Las Vegas and this will require a significant number of properly trained and certified nuclear technicians.

Jobs

According to NEI industry surveys conducted in 2004 and 2005, the nuclear industry is facing a critical shortage of workers over the next five years.[5] The survey found that nuclear energy companies may lose an estimated 23,000 workers over the next five years, representing 40 percent of all jobs in the sector. Nearly half of industry employees were found to be over 47 years old and only 8 percent were younger than 32.

Maintenance outage technicians. In particular, the survey indicated a growing demand for technicians to support plants during scheduled maintenance outages.

Radiation protection professionals. According to a 2004 study released by the Health Physics Society, the demand for radiation protection professionals is approximately 130 percent of supply and this gap is projected to double in the next ten years.

Shortages are also projected for nuclear engineers; however, enrollment in nuclear engineering programs has jumped from 500 in 1998 to 1,800 in 2005 (see footnote 5).

Table 1 shows the hourly wage and projected need from 2002 to 2012 for applicable nuclear technician positions. Based on these projections, an estimated 4,200 positions will need to be filled throughout the U.S. over the next seven years.

Table 1. Labor Market Projections

Occupational Title	O*NET Number	Hourly Wage	2002-2012
Nuclear Technicians	19-4051.00	$39.37	2,000
Nuclear Equipment Operation Technicians	19-4051.01	$29.37	2,000
Nuclear Monitoring Technicians	19-4051.02	$29.37	2,000
Nuclear Power Operators	51-8011.00	$31.34	1,000
Radiologic Technicians	29-2034.02	$31.51	72,000

Source: O*NET

Texas Labor Market Information projections show 15 openings per year due to replacement and 2 due to growth for nuclear power reactor operator (SOC 51-8011) at $30.73 per hour. Nuclear technicians (SOC 19-4051) are projected to add 13 positions per year due to replacement and none due to growth at $31.33 per hour.

This LMI data obviously conflicts with recent industry survey data referenced throughout this brief. Further analysis is needed to reconcile these differences in order to make informed planning decisions.

While the DOE has projected several new nuclear power plants will be constructed in the U.S. by 2025, facilities can take ten years to complete applications, construction and testing before operational. New employment and subsequent training requirements generated by new builds will, therefore, be inherently obvious to any regional planner.

Skill Sets

Nuclear power technicians include equipment operation technicians, monitoring technicians and reactor operators. Areas of knowledge include physics, mathematics, chemistry, public safety and security, teaching and learning principles, telecommunications, engineering, computers and electronics. Skills include science, mathematics, operation monitoring and control, coordination, speaking, judgment and decision making, reading comprehension and critical thinking. Abilities include problem sensitivity, control precision, near vision, oral expression, speech clarity, inductive reasoning, number facility and written comprehension. According to the NEI, the "training of skilled technicians and craft personnel, such as operators, electricians, pipefitters and other maintenance workers, is essential to sustain the highly qualified work force needed to continue efficient, reliable electricity production." (see footnote 5)

Trends

Figure 4. Nuclear Power Generation in Texas,
1990 through 2004 (Million kilowatt hours)

Source: EIA-906, Power Plant Report and predecessor forms

According to industry reports, significant job growth is projected primarily within existing facilities due to a high degree of anticipated attrition and a lack of existing training. However, these projections are not supported by existing LMI data and additional research is necessary to qualify employment trends.

New innovative safety features have advanced nuclear reactor designs in recent years and indicate renewed interest and investment in building new nuclear reactors in the U.S. Nine advanced reactor designs are being considered in the U.S., three have obtained NRC safety certification, one design is in final stages of certification and five are in pre-application review.[6]

New legislation has streamlined the application process for new nuclear reactors and should reduce costly delays. In addition, the DOE has revised previous 2025 projections and now anticipates the construction of several new nuclear power facilities to meet growing electricity demands.

Texas produced a new State record for nuclear power output in 2004, exceeding 40 billion kilowatt hours.

Timing

Industry projections clearly state an urgent need for new nuclear technician curriculum; however, LMI data does not support these projections and additional research is needed before a conclusive analysis can be made.

The DOE awarded $24 million to 37 universities in 2005 to develop technical specialists in nuclear power generation, (see footnote 5) signaling an increasing awareness of workforce shortages within the nuclear power industry.

Relevance

Nuclear technician training is highly relevant to community and technical colleges. Twenty-four WECM courses are listed under the rubric NUCP, CIP 41.0205 (nuclear/nuclear power technology/technician).

Table3. WECM NUCP Courses

Course Title	Number
Radiation Physics	1319, 1419
Personnel and Environmental Monitoring	1241, 1341
Radiation Biophysics	1345, 1445
Radioactive Waste Disposal and Management	2311, 2411
Radiation Protection I	2301, 2401
Radiation Protection II	2302, 2402
Radiation Protection III	2331, 2431
Radiological Emergencies	2335, 2435
Special Topics in Nuclear/Nuclear Power Technology/Technician	1191, 1291, 1391, 1491
Cooperative Education - Nuclear/Nuclear Power Technology/Technician	1x80, 1x81, 2x80, 2x81

Source: Workforce Education Course Manual, 2005-2006

Two applicable courses are also listed under rubric IRAD and CIP 41.0204..

Table 4. WECM IRAD Courses

Course Title	Number
Radiation Detection Measurement I	1301, 1401
Special Topics in Industrial Radiologic Technology/Technician	119, 1291, 1391, 1491